Ergonomics in digestive endoscopy: Prevalence, types of musculoskeletal disorders, and risk factors in endoscopists in Colombia / Ergonomía en endoscopia digestiva: prevalencia, tipos de trastornos musculoesqueléticos y factores de riesgo en endoscopistas de Colombia

Abstract Introduction: The practice of digestive endoscopy is a physically demanding activity, with musculoskeletal disorders present in 39 % to 89 % of endoscopists, associated with "excessive use" maneuvers. Due to a lack of knowledge of this problem in endoscopists in Colombia, the main objective is to determine the prevalence, types, and risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders in specialists and graduate students. The secondary objective is to identify the occupational impact, treatments used, and importance of prevention and education in ergonomics. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional observational study. Electronic survey methodology, open from June 1 to 30, 2021. Purposive sampling of 450 endoscopists from four scientific associations and eleven graduate programs, including 50 questions in six groups according to the objectives. We validated 203 responses, with 131 confirmations of musculoskeletal disorders, the group on which the analysis was performed. Results: Global prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders of 64.5 % and prevalence in graduate students of 58.6 %. There was more significant involvement of the upper limbs (right shoulder, left thumb, right elbow), followed by lower back, neck, knees, and hips. Graduate students reported pain in the right hand/fingers (right thumb) and the lower back. There was no significant difference due to work factors, but there was a tendency for more reports when increasing the volume of procedures and years of professional practice. The labor impact showed 78 % absenteeism. The most used treatments were medication, physiotherapy, and rest; 93.8 % had not received ergonomic education. However, there is a positive perception (74.1 % to 90.9 %) of receiving formal training. Discussion: The prevalence reflected the health and safety problem for the endoscopist. Demographic risk factors plus those of the endoscopic practice give rise to an individualized risk framework that enables endoscopists to understand learning and training as a way to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in themselves and their work team.

Resumen Introducción: la práctica de la endoscopia digestiva es una actividad físicamente exigente, con trastornos musculoesqueléticos presentes en el 39 % a 89 %, asociados con maniobras de "uso excesivo". Debido al desconocimiento de este problema en endoscopistas de Colombia, el objetivo principal fue determinar la prevalencia, tipos y factores de riesgo del trastorno musculoesquelético en especialistas y estudiantes de posgrado. El objetivo secundario fue identificar el impacto laboral, los tratamientos utilizados y la importancia atribuida a la prevención y educación en ergonomía. Metodología: estudio observacional de corte transversal analítico. Metodología de encuesta electrónica, abierta del 1 al 30 de junio de 2021. Muestreo intencionado a 450 endoscopistas de 4 asociaciones científicas y 11 programas de posgrado, en el que se incluyeron 50 preguntas en 6 grupos según los objetivos. Se validaron 203 respuestas, con 131 confirmaciones de trastornos musculoesqueléticos, grupo al cual se le realizó el análisis. Resultados: prevalencia global de trastornos musculoesqueléticos de 64,5 % y prevalencia en estudiantes de posgrado de 58,6 %. Hubo mayor afectación de miembros superiores (hombro derecho, pulgar izquierdo, codo derecho); luego, en la espalda baja y cuello; y en las rodillas y caderas. En estudiantes de posgrado se registró dolor en la mano-dedos derechos (pulgar derecho) y en la espalda baja. No hubo diferencia significativa por aspectos laborales, pero hubo tendencia a un mayor reporte al aumentar el volumen de procedimientos y años de práctica profesional. El impacto laboral mostró 78 % de ausentismo laboral. Los tratamientos más empleados fueron medicamentos, fisioterapia y reposo. El 93,8 % no había recibido capacitación ergonómica y hay percepción positiva (74,1 % a 90,9 %) de recibir una didáctica formal. Discusión: la prevalencia evidenció el problema de salud y seguridad para el endoscopista. Los factores de riesgo demográficos más los propios de la práctica endoscópica generan un marco de riesgo individualizado que le permite al endoscopista entender el aprendizaje y la capacitación para prevenir trastornos musculoesqueléticos en sí mismo y su equipo de trabajo.

Symptom assessment after nasal irrigation with xylitol in the postoperative period of endonasal endoscopic surgery / Avaliação dos sintomas após irrigação nasal com xilitol no período pós-operatório de cirurgias endoscópicas endonasais

Abstract Introduction: Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory condition of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses that requires multifactorial treatment. Xylitol can be employed with nasal irrigation and can provide better control of the disease. Objective: To evaluate the association between the effects of nasal lavage with saline solution compared to nasal lavage with a xylitol solution. Methods: Fifty-two patients, divided into two groups (n = 26 in the "Xylitol" group and n = 26 in the "Saline solution" group) answered questionnaires validated in Portuguese (NOSE and SNOT-22) about their nasal symptoms and general symptoms, before and after endonasal endoscopic surgery and after a period of 30 days of nasal irrigation. Results: The "Xylitol" group showed significant improvement in pain relief and nasal symptom reduction after surgery and nasal irrigation with xylitol solution (p < 0.001). The "Saline solution" group also showed symptom improvement, but on a smaller scale. Conclusion: This study suggests that the xylitol solution can be useful in the postoperative period after endonasal endoscopic surgery, because it leads to a greater reduction in nasal symptoms.

Resumo Introdução: Rinossinusite crônica é um quadro de inflamação da cavidade nasal e dos seios paranasais que necessita de tratamento multifatorial. O xilitol pode ser associado às irrigações nasais e pode prover melhor controle da doença. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre os efeitos da lavagem nasal com solução fisiológica em comparação à lavagem nasal com solução de xilitol. Método: Divididos em dois grupos (n = 26 no grupo Xilitol e n = 26 no grupo Soro), 52 pacientes responderam à questionários validados em língua portuguesa (NOSE e SNOT-22) sobre seus sintomas nasais e sintomas gerais, antes e depois de cirurgia endoscópica endonasal e após um período de 30 dias de irrigação nasal. Resultados: O grupo Xilitol apresentou melhoria significativa dos sintomas de dor e sintomas nasais após a cirurgia e a irrigação nasal com solução de xilitol (p < 0,001). O grupo Soro também apresentou melhoria dos sintomas, porém em menor escala. Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que a solução de xilitol pode ser usada no período pós-operatório de cirurgia endoscópica endonasal por levar a uma maior redução nos sintomas nasais.

Experiencia inicial con derivación biliar mediante coledocoduodenostomía guiada por ultrasonido endoscópico en la obstrucción biliar maligna en un hospital de referencia en Colombia / Initial experience with endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage via choledochoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS) in malignant biliary obstruction in a reference hospital in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: en pacientes con obstrucción biliar distal maligna en quienes la derivación biliar mediante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) no sea factible o sea fallida, el drenaje biliar guiado por ultrasonido endoscópico mediante coledocoduodenostomía es una opción terapéutica viable, de la que se describen altas tasas de éxito técnico y clínico con una baja morbimortalidad. Adicionalmente, este método podría ser superior en la mejora de la calidad de vida en comparación con el manejo percutáneo o quirúrgico. Objetivo: describir la experiencia inicial con el drenaje biliar guiado por ultrasonido endoscópico en pacientes con obstrucción biliar maligna en un centro de referencia. Métodos: es una serie de casos retrospectiva de 6 pacientes con obstrucción biliar maligna a quienes se les realizó inicialmente una CPRE que fue fallida, por lo cual se procedió a realizar coledocoduodenostomía guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica. Se describieron las tasas de éxito técnico, éxito clínico, eventos adversos, tasas de disfunción y tiempo de supervivencia de los pacientes. Resultados: se analizaron 6 casos, predominó el sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 71,8 ± 19,8 años; las indicaciones fueron adenocarcinoma de páncreas, tumor periampular y colangiocarcinoma distal. Se observó un éxito técnico en el 100 % de los casos y éxito clínico en 83,3 % de los casos. No se registraron eventos adversos graves. En el seguimiento de los casos se observó una supervivencia del 66,7 % a los 30 días. Conclusión: la coledocoduodenostomía es una alternativa terapéutica viable, segura y efectiva en pacientes con obstrucción biliar maligna en quienes la CPRE fue fallida, con una alta tasa de éxito técnico y clínico.

Abstract Introduction: Patients with malignant biliary distal obstruction who cannot be treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or who had a failed ERCP, can find alternative treatment in endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage via choledochoduodenostomy. EUS-CDS performs with high rates of technical and clinical success and with low rates of morbimortality. Moreover, this method could have the potential to improve the patient's quality of life, compared with percutaneous or surgical means. Objective: This study aims to describe the initial experience with endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage in patients with malignant biliary distal obstruction in a reference center. Methods: Retrospective case review of six patients with malignant biliary obstruction and prior ERCP-placed and failed. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage via choledochoduodenostomy was performed as an alternative method. Technical and clinical success rates, adverse event rates, dysfunction rates, and patient survival time were described. Results: 6 cases were analyzed with a higher proportion of female patients, with a mean age of 71,8 ± 19,8 years. The symptoms were related to pancreas adenocarcinoma, periampullary tumor, and distal cholangiocarcinoma. The procedure was technically successful in 100% of cases and clinically successful in 83% of cases. Serious adverse events were nor reported. After 30 days, a survival rate of 66,7 % was observed. Conclusion: Choledochoduodenostomy is a viable, safe, and effective method in patients with malignant biliary obstruction who had a failed ERCP, and it has high rates of technical and clinical success.

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DAS ENDOSCOPIAS DIGESTIVAS ALTAS REALIZADAS NO MUNICÍPIO DE MOSSORÓ-RN / CHARACTERIZATION OF HIGH DIGESTIVE ENDOSCOPIES PERFORMED IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF MOSSORÓ-RN

Objetivou-se caracterizar as EDA realizadas na Comunidade de Saúde de Mossoró, RN, no período de 2008 a 2013, definindo a taxa de exames normais e a prevalência dos principais achados sugestivos de patologias digestivas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e retrospectivo, no qual se analisou 10311 laudos de EDA. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas pelo SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 20.0), com nível de confiança95% e um p < 0,05, utilizando-se testes Qui-quadrado. Pelos dados levantados, constatamos que a EDA é um exame prático e seguro, com raríssimas complicações, sendo a agitação e a presença de alimento no estômago as limitações mais comuns. Na análise descritiva geral observou-se que a maioria dos exames foi realizada no gênero feminino, formando mais de 70% da amostra total. A faixa etária predominante, independente do gênero, foi 41 a 60 anos. As patologias frequentes no segmento esofágico foram as Esofagites. No segmento gástrico, a maior frequência de achados foram as Gastrites, que são mais frequentes com o avançar da idade. Na Transição Gastroduodenal, as úlceras de Canal Pilórico são os achados mais descritos, mas observamos também modestos achados de duodenites. No duodeno, os principais achados foram úlceras duodenais, seguidas pelas duodenites e sinais de atrofia. Portanto, as EDA são mais realizadas no gênero feminino, mas apresentam maior percentual de exames normais, sendo a maior frequência de achados encontrada no gênero masculino. Assim, após analisar as 10.311 EDA, é possível prever os achados mais comuns encontrados a EDA.

This study aimed to characterize the EDA held in Mossoro Health Community, RN, from 2008 to 2013, setting the rate of normal examinations and the prevalence of the main findings suggestive of digestive pathologies. It is a cross-sectional retrospective study, which analyzed 10,311 reports of EDA. Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 20.0), with a confidence level 95% and p <0.05, using chi-square tests. Raised by the data, we found that EDA is a practical and safe exam, with very few complications, agitation and presence of food in the stomach the most common limitations. In general descriptive analysis it was observed that most of the exams was held in females, forming more than 70% of the total sample. The predominant age group, regardless of gender, was 41-60 years. The frequent pathologies in esophageal segment were Esophagitis. Gastric segment, the highest frequency of findings were Gastritis, which are more common with advancing age. Gastroduodenal in Transition, the Channel Pyloric ulcers are the most described findings, but also observed modest findings of duodenitis. In the duodenum, the main findings were duodenal ulcers, followed by duodenitis and signs of atrophy. Therefore, the EDA are more performed in females, but have a higher percentage of normal results, with the highest frequency of findings found in males. So after analyzing 10,311 EDA, it is possible to predict the most common findings EDA.

Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com hemorragia gastrointestinal alta não varicosa decorrente de doença péptica em um hospital brasileiro terciário de referência / Epidemiological profile of patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to peptic disease in a tertiary referral brazilian hospital

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) secondary to peptic ulcer disease is a medical digestive emergency and could be one of the most serious adverse drug reactions. OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency of diagnosis of NVUGIB secondary to peptic ulcer disease. METHODS: Prospective and epidemiological study conducted in a tertiary referral Brazilian hospital, from July 2016 to December 2019. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopies (UGE) reports were evaluated daily. The diagnosis of NVUGIB secondary to peptic ulcer disease was defined through endoscopic findings of peptic ulcer and erosive gastric lesions, and clinical symptoms. The frequency of diagnosis of NVUGIB secondary to peptic ulcer disease was estimated through the ratio between the number of patients diagnosed and the number of patients underwent UGE in the same period. RESULTS: A total of 2,779 endoscopic reports (2,503 patients) were evaluated, and 178 patients were eligible. The total frequency of diagnosis of NVUGIB secondary to peptic ulcer disease was 7.1%. The annual frequency of diagnosis between 2017 and 2019 ranged from 9.3% to 5.7%. Most patients were men (72.8%); self-declared white (71.8%); older people (56.7%); and, had no familiar or personal history of gastrointestinal diseases (60.1%). 90% of the patients had a peptic ulcer and melena (62.8%). Patients made chronic use of low-dose aspirin (29.3%), other antiplatelet agents (21.9%) and, oral anticoagulants (11.2%); and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories use in the week a prior to the onset of clinical symptoms (25.8%). CONCLUSION: Seven in every 100 patients admitted and underwent UGE in a tertiary hospital were diagnosed with NVUGIB secondary to peptic ulcer disease.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A hemorragia digestiva alta não varicosa (HDANV) secundária à úlcera péptica é uma emergência médica digestiva e pode ser uma reação adversa a medicamento severa. OBJETIVO: Estimar a frequência de HDANV secundária à doença péptica. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo e epidemiológico realizado em um hospital brasileiro terciário de referência, no período de julho de 2016 a dezembro de 2019. Os laudos de endoscopia gastrointestinal alta foram avaliados diariamente. O diagnóstico de HDANV secundária para úlcera péptica foi definido por achados endoscópicos de úlcera péptica e lesões gástricas erosivas e sintomas clínicos. A frequência de diagnóstico de HDANV secundária à úlcera péptica foi estimada por meio da razão entre o número de pacientes diagnosticados e o número de pacientes submetidos à endoscopia gastrointestinal alta no mesmo período. RESULTADOS: Um total de 2.779 laudos endoscópicos (2.503 pacientes) foram avaliados e 178 pacientes foram elegíveis. A frequência total de diagnóstico de HDANV secundária à úlcera péptica foi de 7,1%. A frequência anual de diagnósticos entre 2017 e 2019 variou de 9,3% a 5,7%. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (72,8%); auto-declarado branco (71,8%); idoso (56,7%); e não possuía histórico familiar ou pessoal de doenças gastrointestinais (60,1%). 90% dos pacientes apresentaram úlcera péptica e melena (62,8%). Os pacientes faziam uso crônico de ácido acetilsalicílico como antiagregante plaquetário (29,3%), outros antiplaquetários (21,9%) e anticoagulantes orais (11,2%); e fizeram uso e uso de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais na semana anterior ao início dos sintomas clínicos de HDANV (25,8%). CONCLUSÃO: Cerca de sete em cada 100 pacientes admitidos em um hospital terciário e submetidos à endoscopia gastrointestinal alta foram diagnosticados com HDANV secundária à úlcera péptica.

Disección endoscópica submucosa para el tratamiento del cáncer esofágico / Endoscopic submucosal dissection for the treatment of esophageal cancer

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer de esófago (CE) constituye la sexta causa de muerte por cáncer en el mundo. La disección endoscópica submucosa (DES) es una técnica que permite la resección en bloque de lesiones del tubo digestivo. Tiene rol curativo en pacientes seleccionados y potenciales ventajas sobre la esofagectomía. Objetivo: Describir los resultados perioperatorios y oncológicos de la DES como tratamiento del CE en nuestro centro. Materiales y Método: Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes sometidos a DES por CE entre los años 2010-2020. Resultados: Diez pacientes fueron tratados con DES por CE entre los años 2010 y 2020. El 80% eran hombres y la edad promedio fue de 72 años (63-84). La resección en bloque fue lograda en todos los casos y no se presentó morbimortalidad perioperatoria. Todas las disecciones fueron R0 y el 90% cumplió con estándares de curación. El seguimiento promedio fue de 38 meses (3,5-123). La sobrevida global fue de 90%. La sobrevida específica por cáncer y libre de recurrencia fue de 100%. Discusión: La morbimortalidad asociada a la esofagectomía es alta. La DES sería una alternativa más segura, que permite lograr un R0 y eventualmente la curación en pacientes seleccionados con CE limitado a la mucosa o submucosa. Conclusión: La presente constituye la primera serie reportada de pacientes con cáncer esofágico sometidos a DES en nuestro país. Muestra excelentes resultados oncológicos y seguridad del procedimiento, comparables a las grandes series descritas en la literatura internacional.

Introduction: Esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of death by cancer worldwide. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a technique that allows en bloc resection of early lesions of the digestive tract. It has curative potential in selected patients and potential benefits over esophagectomy for the treatment of esophageal cancer (EC). Aim: To report the results of ESD for EC in a high-volume center in Chile. Materials and Method: Retrospective descriptive study of patients who underwent ESD for EC at our center. Results: A total of 10 patients were treated with ESD for EC between 2010 and 2020. Eighty percent were male patients, the average age was 72 years (63-84). En bloc resection was achieved in all cases and there were no complications or mortality. All of the dissections were classified as R0 and 90% met curative standards. The mean follow-up was 38 months (3.5-123). Overall survival was 90%. Cancer-specific survival was 100% and recurrence-free survival was 100%. Discussion: The rate of morbidity and mortality of esophagectomy is high. ESD would be a safer technique, which allows R0 resections and eventually curation in selected patients with EC limited to the mucosa or submucosa. Conclusion: This is the first report of ESD for the treatment of EC in our country, it shows excellent oncologic results and safety of the procedure, comparable to those reported in the larger series published to date.

Ultrasound and endoscopic findings in dogs with lymphangiectasia / [Conclusões ultrassonográfica e endoscópica em cães com linfangiectasia ]

Lymphangiectasia is a heterogenous inflammatory bowel disease characterized by lymphatic vessel dilation, chronic diarrhea and protein loss such as serum albumin and globulin. The most common cause of lymphangiectasia is considered to be the congenital malformation of the lymphatics. The study was conducted between 2012-2015 on 76 dogs suffering from intestinal disorders and manifesting digestive symptoms such as diarrhea or weight loss. In order to assess the origin of disorder, physical examination, biochemistry profile, ultrasound and endoscopic examinations were performed. Ultrasound examination tried to assess the changes of intestines' echogenicity, changes in wall thickness, wall layering and presence of striations or / and speckles (hyperechoic structures along intestinal mucosal layer). Endoscopic examination findings included dilated lacteals (59.2%) and erythema (21.1%). Although increased friability was observed in 33 dogs, it was not considered in the study due to limitations represented by the evaluation of the endoscopic images only. The study proved that an extremely significant statistical correlation exists between the presence of speckles and dilated lacteals in dogs with lymphangiectasia (P<0.05). Up to now, there is no other study to make an association between the white spots observed in ultrasound examination and dilated lacteals revealed after endoscopy in dogs with intestinal lymphangiectasia.(AU)

A linfangiectasia é uma doença inflamatória intestinal heterogênea, caracterizada por dilatação dos vasos linfáticos, diarreia crônica e perda de proteínas, como albumina sérica e globulina. A causa mais comum de linfangiectasia é considerada a malformação congênita dos linfáticos. O presente estudo foi realizado entre 2012 e 2015, em 76 cães que sofrem de distúrbios intestinais e manifestam sintomas digestivos, como diarreia ou perda de peso. Para avaliar a origem do distúrbio, foram realizados exame físico, perfil bioquímico, ultrassonográfico e endoscópico. O exame ultrassonográfico tentou avaliar as alterações da ecogenicidade do intestino, as alterações na espessura da parede, a estratificação e a presença de estrias e / ou de manchas (estruturas hiperecoicas ao longo da camada mucosa intestinal). Os resultados do exame endoscópico incluíram lacteais dilatadas (59,2%) e eritema (21,1%). Embora tenha sido observada maior friabilidade em 33 cães, ela não foi considerada no estudo devido às limitações representadas pela avaliação apenas das imagens endoscópicas. O estudo demonstrou que existe uma correlação estatística extremamente significativa entre a presença de manchas e lacteais dilatadas em cães com linfangiectasia (P <0,05). Até o momento, não há outro estudo para associar as manchas brancas observadas no exame ultrassonográfico e lacteais dilatadas reveladas após endoscopia em cães com linfangiectasia intestinal.(AU)

Histórico familiar de câncer gástrico em pacientes dispépticos indicados à triagem endoscópica / Antecedentes familiares de cáncer gástrico en pacientes dispépticos derivados a triaje endoscópico / Family history of gastric cancer in dyspeptic patients referred for endoscopic screening

Resumo Objetivo Identificar o histórico familiar de primeiro grau de câncer gástrico em pacientes com sintomas dispépticos atendidos em um serviço público de endoscopia. Métodos Estudo transversal, realizado com pacientes dispépticos que tinham indicação para realizar o exame de endoscopia digestiva alta. A associação entre o histórico familiar de câncer gástrico e os resultados do exame endoscópico foi verificada por meio dos testes de Qui-quadrado ou Fisher, e medida seu efeito por meio da razão de chance e intervalo de confiança em analises uni e multivariadas. Utilizou-se regressão logística na análise dos dados. Resultados Observou-se que dos 751 pacientes dispépticos investigados, 44 (5,9%) possuíam histórico familiar de câncer gástrico, destes a maioria era do sexo feminino (70,5%), com idade maior ou igual a 45 anos (56,8%). Os pacientes com histórico familiar de câncer gástrico tinham maiores chances de não apresentarem diagnostico endoscópico de úlcera péptica (p=0,05; RC=2,33; IC=0,99-5,48). Além de maiores chances de alterações na mucosa gástrica (p=0,05; RC=1,06; IC=1,04-1,08) e infecção pela Helicobacter pylori (p=0,04; RC=1,79; IC=0,94-3,39) mesmo após ajustes nas análises. Conclusão A alteração endoscópica da mucosa gástrica e a infecção pela Helicobacter pylori em pacientes com sintomas dispépticos, mostraram associação independente com o histórico familiar de câncer gástrico. Diante disso, faz-se necessário a elaboração de protocolos de assistência à saúde para melhor investigação e vigilância dos familiares de câncer gástrico, bem como ações de educação em saúde para orientar os pacientes a respeito do rastreio e prevenção do câncer gástrico.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar los antecedentes familiares de primer grado de cáncer gástrico en pacientes con síntomas dispépticos atendidos en un servicio público de endoscopía. Métodos Estudio transversal llevado a cabo con pacientes dispépticos que habían sido derivados a realizar un estudio de endoscopía digestiva alta. La relación entre los antecedentes familiares de cáncer gástrico y los resultados del estudio endoscópico fue verificada mediante la prueba χ2 de Pearson o de Fisher, y su efecto fue medido a través de la razón de momios y del intervalo de confianza en análisis uni y multivariados. Se utilizó la regresión logística en el análisis de los datos. Resultados Se observó que de los 751 pacientes dispépticos investigados, 44 (5,9 %) tenían antecedentes familiares de cáncer gástrico, de los cuales la mayoría era de sexo femenino (70,5 %), de 45 años o más (56,8 %). Los pacientes con antecedentes familiares de cáncer gástrico tenían mayores chances de no presentar diagnóstico endoscópico de úlcera péptica (p=0,05; RC=2,33; IC=0,99-5,48). Además de mayores probabilidades de alteraciones en la mucosa gástrica (p=0,05; RC=1,06; IC=1,04-1,08) e infección por Helicobacter pylori (p=0,04; RC=1,79; IC=0,94-3,39), inclusive después de ajustes en los análisis. Conclusión La alteración endoscópica de la mucosa gástrica y la infección por Helicobacter pylori en pacientes con síntomas dispépticos mostraron relación independiente con los antecedentes familiares de cáncer gástrico. Ante este escenario, es necesaria la elaboración de protocolos de atención a la salud para una mejor investigación y observación de los familiares de cáncer gástrico, así como también acciones de educación en salud para orientar a los pacientes sobre la detección y prevención del cáncer gástrico.

Abstract Objective To identify first-degree relative history of gastric cancer in patients with dyspeptic symptoms receiving care at a public endoscopy service. Methods A cross-sectional study, performed with dyspeptic patients referred for an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The association between the family history of gastric cancer and the findings of the endoscopic examination was verified using the Chi-square or Fisher tests, and its effect was shown using odds ratio and confidence interval in univariate and multivariate analyses. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results Among the 751 dyspeptic patients enrolled, 44 (5.9%) had a family history of gastric cancer, mostly females (70.5%) aged 45 years or older (56.8%). Patients with a family history of gastric cancer were more likely to have no endoscopic diagnosis of peptic ulcer (p=0.05; OR=2.33; CI=0.99-5.48). In addition, higher chances of gastric mucosal changes (p=0.05; RC=1.06; CI=1.04-1.08) and Helicobacter pylori infection (p=0.04; RC=1.79; CI=0.94-3.39) were found, even after adjusting the analyses. Conclusion The endoscopic gastric mucosal changes and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with dyspeptic symptoms showed an independent association with family history of gastric cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to develop health care protocols for better investigation and surveillance of gastric cancer relatives, as well as health education actions to guide patients regarding screening and prevention of gastric cancer.

Infección por helicobacter pylori en consulta provincial de Gastroenterología del Hospital "Faustino Pérez", de Matanzas / Infection for helicobacter pylori in provincial consultation de gastroenterología of the Hospital "Faustino Pérez", de Matanzas

RESUMEN Introducción: la infección por Helicobacter pylori es una de las más prevalentes en el planeta. Supone una carga significativa para los sistemas sanitarios, debido a la elevada resistencia a antibióticos que presenta para su erradicación. Objetivo: determinar las características clínico epidemiológicas de infección por Helicobacter pylori de pacientes atendidos en Consulta Provincial de Gastroenterología. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo. El universo estuvo conformado por los 167 pacientes con determinación de Helicobacter pylori positivo, por test de ureasa. Las variables a considerar fueron: la edad, el sexo, diagnóstico histológico, síntomas clínicos y la evolución clínica posterior al tratamiento específico para Helicobacter pylori. Se utilizó la técnica estadística de análisis de distribución de frecuencias. Resultados: un 59,6 % de los pacientes resultó con Helicobacter pylori positivo con predominio del sexo masculino. Fue la gastritis crónica la alteración gástrica que más se asoció a la infección. La epigastralgia y distensión abdominal resultaron los síntomas más frecuentes. Evolucionaron de forma satisfactoria el 49 % de los casos y solo un 17 % presentaron una mala respuesta al tratamiento. Conclusiones: se obtuvo un alto porcentaje de infección por Helicobacter pylori y una buena respuesta al tratamiento utilizado (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: the infection for Helicobacter pylori is one of the more prevalent in the world; it supposes a significant burden for the sanitary systems, due to the high resistance to antibiotics that it presents for its eradication. Objective: to determine the clinical epidemiological characteristics of the infection due to Helicobacter pylori in patients treated in the provincial consultation of Gastroenterología. Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive study was carried out in a universe formed by 167 patients with positive Helicobacter pylori determined by urease test. The variables to consider were age, sex, histologic diagnosis, clinical symptoms and clinical evolution after the specific treatment for Helicobacter pylori. The statistical technique of analysis of frequencies distribution was used. Results: 59, 6% of the patients was Helicobacter pylori positive with prevalence of the male sex; chronic gastritis was the gastric alteration more associated to the infection. Epigastralgia and abdominal distension were the most frequent symptoms. 49% of the cases evolved in a satisfactory way and only 17% answered bad to the treatment. Conclusions: a high percent of infection by Helicobacter pylori was found and also a good answer to the used treatment (AU).

Experiencia de una unidad aerodigestiva pediátrica en Latinoamérica / Case management experience in a pediatric aerodigestive unit in Latin-America

Introducción: las unidades aerodigestivas proveen un cuidado complejo coordinado a pacientes pediátricos con condiciones congé-nitas o adquiridas de grados variables que afectan la vía respiratoria, el tracto gastrointestinal, la deglución y el crecimiento. La primera unidad aerodigestiva de Guatemala fue fundada en el año 2018 en un hospital privado, y por ser la única de su tipo en el país, no se tenían datos locales al respecto. Pacientes y métodos: se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo cuantitativo; se analizó el total de casos reportados en la unidad aerodigestiva pediátrica desde el 1 de enero de 2018 hasta el 31 de mayo de 2019, se contó con un total de 69 casos. Resultados: el 79% de los pacientes presentaron más de una patología de diferente etiología. La indicación principal para realizar la triple endoscopia fue tos crónica. Los diagnósticos encontrados como comorbilidades con mayor frecuencia fueron bronquitis bacteriana recurrente y enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico. Conclusión: la triple endoscopia es útil tanto en el diagnóstico como en la toma de decisiones en el manejo de las patologías aerodigestivas pediátricas de alta complejidad. Es una herramienta útil que pone en evidencia que múltiples etiologías pueden contribuir a síntomas crónicos de la vía aérea, y que estas pueden pasarse por alto si se realiza un solo procedimiento.

Introduction: Aerodigestive programs provide coordinated interdisciplinary care to pediatric patients with complex congenital or ac-quired conditions affecting breathing, the gastrointestinal tract, swallowing, and growth. The first aerodigestive program in Guatemala was founded in the year 2018 in a private hospital and, since it's one of its kind in the country, there was no local data reported. Patients and methods: A total of 69 cases of children who were evaluated at the aerodigestive program from January 1st, 2018 to May 31st, 2019, were retrospectively analyzed in a quantitative study. Results:79% of patients presented more than one pathology from different etio-logy. Overall the main indication for the triple scope was chronic cough. The findings reported that recurrent bacterial bronchitis and gastroesophageal reflux were the most common comorbidities present in the same patient. Conclusion:The triple scope procedure is a useful investigative tool for patients with recalcitrant aero-digestive complaints. In particular, the triple scope can yield more than one specialty-specific diagnosis normally missed by one procedure.

Requerimiento de hemostasia endoscópica en pacientes de una unidad de cuidado intensivo con hemorragia de vías digestivas altas / Endoscopic hemostasis in intensive care unit patients with upper digestive tract bleeding

Resumen Introducción: los pacientes hospitalizados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) tienen riesgo de hemorragia digestiva alta (HVDA). La endoscopia digestiva alta (EVDA) es el examen de elección en esos pacientes y es diagnóstica y terapéutica. Muchas lesiones identificadas endoscópicamente no requieren tratamiento endoscópico. En Colombia no hay estudios sobre la prevalencia de las diferentes lesiones sangrantes digestivas altas en pacientes de la UCI, ni sobre la utilización de EVDA terapéutica en esos pacientes. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal realizado en la Clínica Fundadores de Bogotá, Colombia, entre enero del 2003 a febrero del 2017. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos de la unidad de cuidado intensivo con EVDA indicada por HVDA. Resultados: en el análisis final se incluyeron 156 EVDA. Los hallazgos fueron los siguientes: gastritis crónica 76,62% (118), esofagitis erosiva (grado A-grado D) 57,79% (89), gastritis erosiva 47,4% (73), duodenitis erosiva 21,43% (33), úlcera gástrica 18,18% (28), varices esofágicas 11,69% (18), úlcera duodenal 11,04% (17) y desgarro de Mallory-Weiss 4,55% (8). Solo el 15% de los pacientes requirió manejo endoscópico, incluidos los que tenían várices esofágicas. Conclusión: en el presente estudio, el 15% de los pacientes con HVDA requirió tratamiento endoscópico. Se deben realizar trabajos prospectivos que permitan establecer factores de riesgo que puedan predecir la necesidad de EVDA terapéutica en pacientes con HVDA. Quien no tenga esos predictores se debe tratar empíricamente con IBP y evitar gastos innecesarios en EVDA diagnósticas.

Abstract Introduction: Patients hospitalized in an intensive care unit (ICU) are at risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is the test of choice for these patients. EGD is diagnostic and therapeutic. Many endoscopically identified lesions do not require endoscopic treatment. In Colombia there are no studies on the prevalence of different upper gastrointestinal bleeding lesions in ICU patients, nor on the use of therapeutic EGD in these patients. Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the Clínica Fundadores in Bogotá Colombia between January 2003 and February 2017. Adult ICU patients who underwent EGD due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding were included. Results: In the final analysis, 156 patients who underwent EGD were included. Of these, 76.62% (118) had chronic gastritis, 57.79% (89) had erosive esophagitis grades A to D, 47.4% (73) had erosive gastritis, 21.43% (33) had erosive duodenitis, 18.18% (28) had gastric ulcer, 11.69% (18) had esophageal varices, 11.04% (17) had duodenal ulcers, and 4.55% (8) Mallory Weiss tears. Only 15% of patients, including those with esophageal varices, required endoscopic management. Conclusions: In this study, 15% of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding required endoscopic treatment. Prospective work should be done to establish risk factors to predict the need for therapeutic EGD in patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients do not have these predictors should be treated empirically with PPI to avoid unnecessary expenses of diagnostic EGDs.

Proctitis crónica hemorrágica por radioterapia en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas del Perú, 2011-2013 / Radiotherapy associated chronic hemorrhagic proctitis at the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases of Peru, 2011-2013

Objetivo: Estudiar las características clínicas y endoscópicas de la proctitis crónica hemorrágica por radioterapia en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas del Perú. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y longitudinal, con una población de 588 pacientes con esta patología, en el periodo 2011-2013, de donde se seleccionaron 114 pacientes por muestreo probabilístico aleatorizado. Se usó la estadística descriptiva e inferencial para el análisis de las variables cualitativas y cuantitativas. Resultados: La investigación encontró como principales resultados, un periodo de latencia de 439,96 días; la severidad de rectorragia clínica fue grado II y III en el 86,84%, la hemoglobina media fue de 11,63 gr/dl, los hallazgos endoscópicos fueron severidad moderada en el 58,77%, extensión solo rectal en el 92,11%, friabilidad leve del 43,86%, compromiso menor del 33% de la superficie rectal en el 71,93% y una longitud media de 7,28 cm. Los hallazgos inflamatorios fueron de cicatrices en el 0,88%, erosiones del 0,88%, de úlceras del 7%, de fístula del 0,88% y del 3,51% de estenosis rectales, el tratamiento de argón plasma coagulación (APC) único o combinado se ofreció en el 96% de los casos. Conclusiones: La proctitis crónica hemorrágica por radioterapia fue una complicación importante de la radioterapia pélvica, con hallazgos clínicos y endoscópicos característicos.

Objective: To study the clinical and endoscopic features of chronic hemorrhagic proctitis by radiotherapy in the National Institute of Neoplastic Diseases of Peru. Materials and methods: The study was descriptive, retrospective and longitudinal, with a population of 588 patients with this pathology, in the period 2011-2013, from which 114 patients were selected by randomized probabilistic sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the analysis of qualitative and quantitative variables. Results: The main results were a latency period of 439.96 days; the severity of clinical rectal bleeding was grade 2 and 3 in 86.84%, the mean hemoglobin in chronic hemorrhagic proctitis by radiotherapy was 11.63 g / dl, the endoscopic findings were moderate severity in 58.77%, extension rectal only in 92.11%, slight friability of 43.86%, compromise less than 33% of the rectal surface in 71.93% and an average length of 7.28 cm. The inflammatory findings were 0.88% scars, erosions of 0.88%, ulcers of 7%, fistula of 0.88% and 3.51% of rectal stenosis, single or combined argon plasma coagulation (APC) treatment was offered in 96% of cases. Conclusion: Chronic hemorrhagic proctitis is an important complication of pelvic radiotherapy, with characteristic clinical and endoscopic findings.

Esofagite eosinofílica numa consulta de alergia alimentar: caracterização e comparação entre idade pediátrica e idade adulta / Eosinophilic esophagitis at a food allergy appointment: characterization and comparison between pediatric and adult ages

Introdução: Esofagite eosinofílica (EoE) é uma doença inflamatória crônica do esôfago, mediada imunologicamente e caracterizada por sintomas relacionados com disfunção esofágica e infiltração da mucosa esofágica por eosinófilos (Eo). Os objetivos foram caracterizar os doentes com diagnóstico de EoE e analisar as diferenças entre doentes com diagnóstico em idade pediátrica (Cr, < 18 anos) e adulta (Ad, ≥ 18 anos). Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospetivo dos doentes seguidos no serviço de Imunoalergologia, no período de Fev/2009 a Jul/2017, com diagnóstico de EoE. Foram divididos em dois grupos, Cr e Ad, caracterizados de acordo com dados demográficos, história de atopia, sintomas, sensibilizações alimentares, IgE Total, eosinofilia, achados na endoscopia digestiva alta e biópsias. Avaliou-se a correlação entre sensibilização alimentar, clínica grave (ClinG), ou seja, idas ao serviço de urgência ou internamento por complicações de EoE ou histologia grave (HistG), biópsia com Eo > 50 e/ou microabcessos. Resultados: 74 pacientes (81% sexo masculino, média de idades 27±17 anos), 36 Cr e 38 Ad. Os sintomas mais frequentemente reportados foram, no grupo Cr disfagia (73%) e refluxo gastroesofágico (46%), enquanto no grupo Ad impactação (85%) e disfagia (56%). Foram referidos antecedentes de atopia em 96% das Cr, e 67% dos Ad. Em 77% das Cr e 69% dos Ad havia sensibilização alimentar. Os achados endoscópicos mais frequentes no grupo Cr foram estriação (65%) e placas brancas (50%), enquanto que no grupo Ad foram placas brancas (42%) e anéis esofágicos (35%). HistG (46%) associou-se a ClinG (35%), p = 0,001, nas Cr, mas o mesmo não foi objetivado no grupo Ad [ClinG (22%) e HistG (17%), p = 0,5]. Conclusão: Os nossos resultados estão de acordo com o descrito na literatura, observando-se um predomínio do sexo masculino e uma maior frequência de história de atopia e sensibilização alimentar no grupo Cr. As situações graves de impactação e estenose esofágica foram mais frequentes nos Ad, e objetivou-se uma associação de histologia grave com clínica grave, apenas nas Cr.

Background: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an immunologically mediated chronic inflammatory disease of the esophagus characterized by symptoms related to esophageal dysfunction and eosinophilic infiltration in the esophageal mucosa. This study aimed to characterize patients with a diagnosis of EoE and analyze differences between patients with EoE diagnosed at pediatric age (Ch, <18 years) and at adult age (Ad, ≥18 years). Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with a diagnosis of EoE who were followed in the immunoallergology department from February 2009 to July 2017. Patients were divided into Ch and Ad groups and characterized according to demographic data, history of atopy, symptoms, food sensitization, total IgE, eosinophils (Eo), upper digestive endoscopy (UDE) findings, and biopsy findings. Correlations were assessed between food sensitization, clinical severity (SClin; determined by number of ER visits or hospital admissions for EoE complications), and severe histology (SHist; defined as biopsy with Eo >50 and/or microabscesses). Results: 74 patients (81% male, mean age 27±17 years), 36 Ch and 38 Ad. The most commonly reported symptoms were dysphagia (73%) and gastroesophageal reflux (46%) in the Ch group, and impaction (85%) and dysphagia (56%) in the Ad group. History of atopy was reported in 96% of Ch vs 67% of Ad. Food sensitization was found in 77% of Ch vs 69% of Ad. The most common UDE findings were striation (65%) and white plaques (50%) in the Ch group, and white plaques (42%) and esophageal rings (35%) in the Ad group. SHist (46%) was associated with SClin (35%) in Ch (p=0.001), but not in Ad (SClin [22%] and SHist [17%], p=0.5). Conclusion: Our results are consistent with those reported in the literature, with a male predominance and a higher prevalence of atopy and food sensitization in Ch. Severe impaction and esophageal stenosis were more frequent in Ad, but an association between SHist and SClin was found only in Ch.

Utilidad de la escala de Glasgow-Blatchford en pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta no variceal, con alto y bajo riesgo de complicaciones atendidos en el Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Santo Tomas, 2015-2016 / Glasgow-Blatchford usefulness in patients with non variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding with low and high risk of complications seen at the Emergency Department of Santo Tomas Hospital, 2015-2016

Introducción: La escala de Glasgow-Blatchford (GBS) nos permite clasificar al paciente como riesgo alto o bajo de presentar complicaciones. En los pacientes identificados como "bajo riesgo", la realización de una endoscopia temprana, podría disminuir los días intrahospitalarios y en el coste global. En nuestro medio, desconocemos la utilidad de la escala de GBS. Objetivo: Describir la utilidad de la escala de Glasgow-Blatchford (GBS) en la estratificación del riesgo en los pacientes con hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA) no variceal atendidos en el servicio de urgencias en un hospital de tercer nivel. Materiales y métodos: Se incluyeron prospectivamente 218 pacientes, y se les realizó en las primeras 24-48 h endoscopia urgente. Éstos se estratificaron, según la escala de GBS, en bajo riesgo (GBS ≤ 2), y alto riesgo (GBS ≥ 3). Se calculó la sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN) de la escala de GBS en nuestro medio basándonos en el requerimiento de tratamiento endoscópico, radiológico (embolización arterial), transfusión de hemoderivados y/o cirugía, como estándar de oro para clasificar a los pacientes en alto riesgo. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 218 pacientes, con edad media de 56 ± 18 años, de los cuales 121/218 (55%) fueron varones. 156/218 precisaron intervención por lo que fueron clasificados como "alto riesgo" mientras 62/218 no precisaron y se clasificaron como "bajo riesgo". Un valor de corte de GBS ≤ 2 mostró una sensibilidad del 98% con un VPN de 100%. La utilidad de la escala de GBS mostró un área bajo la curva ROC 0,83 (IC 95% 0,75-0,90). Conclusión: La escala de GBS utilizada pacientes con HDA no variceal atendidos en el servicio de urgencias posee una validez diagnóstica adecuada para predecir la necesidad de intervención.

Introduction: The Glasgow-Blatchford (GBS) scale allows us to classify the patient as a high or low risk of presenting complications. In the patients identified as "low risk", the performance of an early endoscopy could reduce the intrahospital days and the overall cost. In our environment, we do not know the usefulness of the GBS scale. Objective: To describe the utility of the Glasgow-Blatchford scale (GBS) in the stratification of risk in patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (HDA) seen in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital. Materials and methods: 218 patients were prospectively included, and they were performed in the first 24-48 hr an urgent endoscopy. These were stratified, according to the GBS scale, at low risk (GBS ≤ 2), and high risk (GBS ≥ 3). We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the GBS scale in our setting based on the requirement of endoscopic, radiological treatment (arterial embolization), transfusion of blood products and / or surgery, as our gold standar to classify patients as "high risk". Results: A total of 218 patients were included, with a mean age of 56 ± 18 years, of which 121/218 (55%) were male. 156/218 required intervention for what were classified as "high risk" while 62/218 did not specify and classified as "low risk". A cut-off value of GBS ≤ 2 showed a sensitivity of 98% with a NPV of 100%. The utility of the GBS scale showed an area under the ROC curve 0.83 (95% CI 0.75-0.90). Conclusion: The GBS scale used in patients with non-variceal UGB attended in the emergency department has adequate diagnostic validity to predict the need for intervention.

Avaliação clínica e endoscópica em pacientes com sintomas gastroesofágicos / Clinical and endoscopic evaluation in patients with gastroesophageal symptoms

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the most common esophageal disease in medical practice, and it is suspected according to patients' symptoms. GERD can be classified in erosive esophagitis (EE) according to the presence of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy findings. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate endoscopic findings in patients with symptoms suggestive of GERD comparing epicemiological and risk factors. METHODS: Upper endoscopy reports were examined retrospectively from patients with symptoms of GERD such as heartburn, regurgitation, cough, throat clearing, globus and chest pain. EE was determined based on Los Angeles classification. Comparisons between risk factors in EE and non-EE groups were done with statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 984 endoscopic reports were examined and 676 selected for analysis (281 with EE and 395 with non-EE form). Most were female 381 (56.36%) with a mean age of 44.01±15.40 years. Hiatal hernia was present in 47(6.96%) and smoking in 41(6.07%). Univariate logistic regression showed that male (OR=2.24, CI 95%, 1.63-3.06) and hiatal hernia (OR=4.52, CI 95%, 2.30-8.89) were independent predictors of erosions in the EE group. The presence of hiatal hernia (OR=12.04, CI 95%, 3.57-40.62), smoking (OR=8.46, CI 95%, 3.28-31.32) and aged patients (OR=8.01, CI 95%, 2.42-26.49) were also indicated as a risk factor for severe EE (grades C and D of Los Angeles). CONCLUSION Male gender and hiatal hernia were associated with EE. Aged patients, smoking and hiatal hernia were related to severe EE. It is suggested that the risk factors for EE and non-EE types are different. Cohort studies are necessary to identify the exact mechanisms involved in each disease form.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) é uma das doenças digestivas mais comuns na prática médica e deve ser suspeitada de acordo com os seus sintomas clínicos, podendo ser classificada em esofagite erosiva (EE) de acordo com os achados de endoscopia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os achados endoscópicos em pacientes com sintomas sugestivos de DGRE comparando fatores de risco e epidemiológicos. MÉTODOS: Resultados de endoscopias digestiva foram examinados retrospectivamente de pacientes com sintomas relacionados com DRGE como pirose, regurgitação, tosse, pigarro, globus e dor torácica. EE foi determinada de acordo com a classificação de Los Angeles. Comparação de fatores de risco entre os grupos EE e não-EE foram feitos com análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Um total de 984 endoscopias foram examinadas e 676 endoscopias selecionadas para análise (281 com EE e 395 sem EE). A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino 381 (56,36%) com uma idade média de 44,01±15,40 anos. Hérnia hiatal esteve presente em 47 (6,96%) e tabagismo em 41 (6,07%). Regressão logística uni variada mostrou que sexo masculino (OR=2,24 - IC 95%: 1,63-3,06) e hérnia hiatal (OR=4,52 - CI 95%: 2,30-8,89) foram fatores de risco independentes de EE. A presença de hérnia hiatal (OR=12,04 - CI 95%: 3,57-40,62), tabagismo (OR=8,46 - CI 95%: 3,28-31,32) e pacientes idosos (OR=8,01 - CI 95%, 2,42-26,49) foram fatores de risco no grupo de EE grave (classes C e D de Los Angeles). CONCLUSÃO: Sexo masculino e hérnia hiatal foram associados com EE. Idade avançada, tabagismo e hérnia hiatal foram relacionados à forma grave de EE. É sugerido que os fatores de risco de pacientes com e sem EE sejam diferentes. Estudos de coorte são necessários para identificar os mecanismos exatos envolvidos em cada forma da doença.

Características de la disfagia en pacientes de un centro de gastroenterología en Bogotá D. C, Colombia / Characteristics of dysphagia in patients of a gastroenterology center in Bogotá D. C, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: la epidemiología de la disfagia está pobremente definida. Es un síntoma que se asocia con el envejecimiento, y en poblaciones jóvenes sigue siendo tema de incertidumbre. También es un problema que no siempre informan los pacientes y es poco comprendido en la población general. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la disfagia a partir de una muestra de pacientes adultos remitidos a un centro especializado en gastroenterología. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo, realizado en un centro especializado en gastroenterología en Bogotá D. C. durante 2016, en el cual se revisaron 3148 historias clínicas y se recopilaron aquellas de pacientes cuyo motivo de consulta fuera disfagia o la refirieran como síntoma asociado, y cuyo diagnóstico se confirmara con pruebas complementarias. Resultados: de 3148 historias clínicas, 85 (2,7 %) presentaron disfagia como motivo de consulta principal o síntoma asociado. La mayoría correspondió a mujeres (70,5 %). El grupo de edad más afectado fue entre 70 y 79 años. La enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) representó el diagnóstico más frecuente. Conclusión: la prevalencia de disfagia encontrada es similar a la reportada en la literatura. La ERGE es causa frecuente de disfagia. La disfagia continúa siendo un problema predominantemente de adultos mayores.

Abstract Introduction: The epidemiology of dysphagia is poorly defined. It is a symptom that is associated with aging but is still a matter of uncertainty in young populations. Also, it is is not always reported by patients and is poorly understood in the general population. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of dysphagia in a sample of adult patients referred to a center specializing in Gastroenterology. Methodology: This is an observational, descriptive and retrospective study carried out in a specialized gastroenterology center in Bogotá DC in 2016. We reviewed 3,148 clinical histories of patients to identify those whose reason for consultation was dysphagia or who were referred to the clinic with dysphagia as an associated symptom and whose diagnoses had been confirmed by complementary tests. Results: Of the 3,148 medical records, 85 (2.7%) presented dysphagia as the main reason for consultation or as an associated symptom. The majority were women (70.5%). The largest proportion of those affected were between 70 and 79 years old. Gastroesophageal reflux disease was the most frequent diagnosis. Conclusion: The prevalence of dysphagia found is similar to that reported in the literature. Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a frequent cause of dysphagia. Dysphagia continues to be a problem especially among the elderly.

A eficácia dos diferentes tratamentos endoscópicos versus métodos sham, farmacológicos ou cirúrgicos para o refluxo gastroesofágico crônico: uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise / The efficacy of the different endoscopic treatments versus sham, pharmacologic or surgical methods for chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endoscopic antireflux treatments for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are still evolving, and most of the published studies address symptom relief in the short-term. Objective - We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis focused on evaluating the efficacy of the different endoscopic procedures. METHODS: Search was restricted to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on MedLine, Cochrane, SciELO, and EMBASE for patients with chronic GERD (>6 months), over 18 years old and available follow up of at least 3 months. The main outcome was to evaluate the efficacy of the different endoscopic treatments compared to sham, pharmacological or surgical treatment. Efficacy was measured by different subjective and objective outcomes. RESULTS: We analyzed data from 16 RCT, totaling 1085 patients. The efficacy of endoscopic treatments compared to sham and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) treatment showed a significant difference up to 6 months in favor of endoscopy with no heterogeneity (P<0.00001) (I2: 0%). The subgroup analysis showed a statistically significant difference up to 6 months in favor of endoscopy: endoscopy vs PPI (P<0.00001) (I2: 39%). Endoscopy vs sham (P<0.00001) (I2: 0%). Most subjective and objective outcomes were statistically significant in favor of endoscopy up to 6 and 12 months follow up. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis shows a good short-term efficacy in favor of endoscopic procedures when comparing them to a sham and pharmacological or surgical treatment. Data on long-term follow up is lacking and this should be explored in future studies.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: Os tratamentos endoscópicos para a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (DRGE) ainda estão em evolução e a maioria dos estudos publicados abordam o alívio dos sintomas em curto prazo. OBJETIVO: Pretendemos realizar uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise focada na avaliação da eficácia dos diferentes procedimentos endoscópicos. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa foi restrita a ensaios clínicos randomizados em MedLine, Cochrane, SciELO e EMBASE para pacientes com DRGE crônica (>6 meses), com mais de 18 anos e acompanhamento disponível por pelo menos 3 meses. O principal desfecho foi avaliar a eficácia dos diferentes tratamentos endoscópicos em comparação com o tratamento sham, farmacológico ou cirúrgico. A eficácia foi medida por diferentes resultados subjetivos e objetivos. RESULTADOS: Analisamos dados de 16 ensaios clínicos randomizados, totalizando 1085 pacientes. A eficácia dos tratamentos endoscópicos em comparação com o tratamento com sham e inibidores da bomba de prótons mostrou uma diferença significativa até 6 meses a favor da endoscopia sem heterogeneidade (P<0,00001) (I2: 0%). A análise do subgrupo mostrou diferença estatisticamente significativa até 6 meses a favor da endoscopia: endoscopia vs inibidores da bomba de prótons (P<0,00001) (I2: 39%). Endoscopia vs sham (P<0,00001) (I2: 0%). A maioria dos resultados subjetivos e objetivos foram estatisticamente significativos em favor da endoscopia até 6 e 12 meses de acompanhamento. CONCLUSÃO: Esta revisão sistemática e meta-análise mostrou uma boa eficácia a curto prazo em favor dos procedimentos endoscópicos ao compará-los a tratamento sham, farmacológico ou cirúrgico. Não existem dados sobre o acompanhamento a longo prazo e isso deve ser explorado em estudos futuros.

Doença ulcerosa péptica: realmente é possível identificá-la por meio das características da dor epigástrica? / Peptic ulcer disease: is it really possible to identify it through the characteristics of epigastric pain?

OBJETIVO: Determinar se características da dor epigástrica são capazes de identificar pacientes com doença ulcerosa péptica. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle, com coleta de dados de setembro de 2014 a junho de 2016. Foram incluídos pacientes com mais de 18 anos com dispepsia que realizaram endoscopia digestiva alta ambulatorialmente. Os pacientes foram abordados antes de realizar a endoscopia digestiva alta, verificando, em suas guias, a presença de dispepsia, tendo sido convidados a responder um questionário, e, posteriormente, o prontuário de cada entrevistado foi avaliado para verificação do diagnóstico, sendo, então, divididos entre o Grupo Doença Ulcerosa Péptica (casos), com 32 pacientes, e o Grupo Controle, com 44 pacientes com dispepsia atribuída a outras causas. RESULTADOS: Dos pacientes com dispepsia não ulcerosa, 52,27% caracterizaram a dor como em queimação, sendo 47,72% moderada e que piorava com alimentação. Dentre os demais sintomas, 45,45% relataram náuseas e 25% desconforto pós-prandial, com 52,27% relatando histórico familiar negativo de doença ulcerosa péptica. Em contrapartida, dos pacientes com doença ulcerosa péptica, 53,12% referiram dor em queimação e de moderada intensidade, e 50% relataram piora com alimentação. Dentre os demais sintomas, prevaleceram também náuseas (53,12%) e desconforto pós-prandial (40,62%). A maioria (81,25%) relatou histórico familiar de doença ulcerosa péptica. Observou-se diferença estatística em dor noturna, predominando na doença ulcerosa péptica (p=0,0225) e dor em cólica na dispepsia não ulcerosa (p=0,0308), assim como na ausência de histórico familiar entre os pacientes com dispepsia não ulcerosa (p=0,0195). CONCLUSÃO: A dispepsia relacionada à doença ulcerosa péptica relaciona-se, principalmente, à piora noturna, sendo que a intensidade da dor, a relação com alimentação e os sintomas associados não auxiliaram na diferenciação da dispepsia não ulcerosa, diferentemente do que a literatura tradicionalmente informa. (AU)

To determine whether it is possible to identify Peptic Ulcer Disease through the characteristics of epigastric pain. METHODS: This is a case-control study with data collected between September 2014 and June 2016 including patients over 18 years of age with dyspepsia who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy as outpatients. The patients were approached before the upper gastrointestinal endoscopy when their test requisition form indicated the presence of dyspepsia. The subjects were invited to answer a questionnaire and, afterwards, the records of all interviewees were evaluated to check for the diagnosis. Then, they were divided into a peptic ulcer disease group (cases), with 32 patients, and a control group, with 44 patients with dyspepsia from other causes. RESULTS: Among non-ulcer dyspepsia patients, 52.27% described the pain as a "burning pain", with 47.72% reporting it as moderate and aggravated by food intake. As for other symptoms, 45.45% of subjects reported nausea, and 25% reported postprandial discomfort; 52.27% had no family history of peptic ulcer disease. In contrast, 53.12% of peptic ulcer disease patients reported "burning" and moderate pain, and 50% said the pain was aggravated by eating. As for the other symptoms, nausea (53.12%) and postprandial discomfort (40.62%) prevailed; most of the patients (81.25%) had family history of peptic ulcer disease. There was a statistical difference in night pain, which was more prevalent in peptic ulcer disease (p=0.0225), and colicky pain, which was more frequent in nonulcer dyspepsia (p=0.0308), as well as absence of family history in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients (p=0.0195). CONCLUSION: Dyspepsia caused by peptic ulcer disease is mainly related to night worsening, and pain intensity, the relationship with food intake, and associated symptoms did not help differentiate nonulcer dyspepsia, differently from what the medical literature traditionally suggests. (AU)

Upper gastrointestinal alterations in kidney transplant candidates / Alterações digestivas altas em candidatos a transplante renal

ABSTRACT Introduction: The incidence of gastrointestinal disorders among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is high, despite the lack of a good correlation between endoscopic findings and symptoms. Many services thus perform upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy on kidney transplant candidates. Objectives: This study aims to describe the alterations seen on the upper endoscopies of 96 kidney-transplant candidates seen from 2014 to 2015. Methods: Ninety-six CKD patients underwent upper endoscopic examination as part of the preparation to receive kidney grafts. The data collected from the patients' medical records were charted on Microsoft Office Excel 2016 and presented descriptively. Mean values, medians, interquartile ranges and 95% confidence intervals of the clinic and epidemiological variables were calculated. Possible associations between endoscopic findings and infection by H. pylori were studied. Results: Males accounted for 54.17% of the 96 patients included in the study. Median age and time on dialysis were 50 years and 50 months, respectively. The most frequent upper endoscopy finding was enanthematous pangastritis (57.30%), followed by erosive esophagitis (30.20%). Gastric intestinal metaplasia and peptic ulcer were found in 8.33% and 7.30% of the patients, respectively. H. pylori tests were positive in 49 patients, and H. pylori infection was correlated only with non-erosive esophagitis (P = 0.046). Conclusion: Abnormal upper endoscopy findings were detected in all studied patients. This study suggested that upper endoscopy is a valid procedure for kidney transplant candidates. However, prospective studies are needed to shed more light on this matter.

RESUMO Introdução: A incidência de doenças gastrointestinais altas em pacientes com doença renal crônica é elevada, porém não há boa correlação entre achados endoscópicos e sintomas. Assim, muitos serviços preconizam a realização de Endoscopia Digestiva Alta (EDA) nos candidatos a transplante renal. Objetivos: Descrever alterações endoscópicas presentes em 96 candidatos a transplante renal no período de 2014 a 2015. Métodos: Noventa e seis pacientes renais crônicos submetidos à EDA como preparo para transplante renal. Prontuários médicos dos pacientes foram revisados, os dados tabulados no programa Microsoft Office Excel 2016 e apresentados de maneira descritiva. Calculou-se média, mediana, intervalo interquartílico e intervalo de confiança de 95% das variáveis utilizadas. Alterações endoscópicas foram apresentadas quanto ao número, intervalo de confiança e valor de P, e correlacionadas com a presença ou ausência de infecção por Helicobacter pylori. Resultados: Dos 96 pacientes, 54,17% eram homens e 45,83% mulheres. As medianas de idade e tempo em diálise foram 50 anos e 50 meses, respectivamente. O achado mais comum na EDA foi pangastrite enantematosa (57,30%), seguida de esofagite erosiva (30,20%). Metaplasia intestinal gástrica e úlcera péptica foram encontradas em 8,33% e 7,30% dos pacientes, respectivamente. Pesquisa para H. pylori foi positiva em 49 pacientes, e somente houve correlação entre infecção por H. pylori e esofagite não erosiva (P = 0,046). Conclusão: Afecções gastrointestinais foram detectadas em todos os pacientes estudados. Os achados deste estudo sugerem que a realização de EDA em candidatos a receber transplante renal é desejável. Entretanto, estudos prospectivos são necessários para responder a esta questão.

Cirugía endoscópica nasal en el tratamiento de papiloma invertido: a propósito de 18 casos / Endoscopic sinus surgery in the management of inverted papilloma: an analysis of 18 cases

RESUMEN Introducción El papiloma invertido nasosinusal es un tumor benigno con tendencia a la recidiva, y con riesgo de malignización. El tratamiento habitual es la extirpación quirúrgica. Objetivo Describir y analizar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas, y resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico por vía endoscópica. Material y método Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, incluyendo pacientes con papiloma invertido nasosinusal sometidos a extirpación quirúrgica endoscópica entre los años 2012 y 2016. Se analizaron variables epidemiológicas, clínicas, complicaciones quirúrgicas, recurrencias y transformación maligna. El grado de extensión se evaluó con tomografia computarizada según la clasificación de Krouse. Resultados La serie está constituida por 18 pacientes, con una edad promedio de 57,4 años. La clínica se caracterizó por obstrucción nasal unilateral 72,2% (13/18 pacientes), rinorrea 33,3% (6/18 pacientes), hiposmia 27,8% (5/18 pacientes) y epistaxis 27,8% (5/18 pacientes). Según la clasificación de Krouse, las lesiones iniciales se describen como estadio T1 en 7/18, T2 en 5/18, T3 en 5/18 y T4 en 1/18 pacientes. En el período de seguimiento, se observa recurrencia en 4 pacientes en un período promedio de seguimiento de 5,6 meses, y un caso de transformación maligna. No hubo complicaciones quirúrgicas, excepto un caso de epífora por obstrucción de la vía nasolagrimal. Conclusiones El abordaje endoscópico fue efectivo para el tratamiento de papilomas invertidos nasosinusales.

ABSTRACT Introduction Sinonasal inverted papillomas are benign tumors with a tendency to recur and a potential for malignant transformation. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice. Aim To describe and analyze the clinical characteristics, epidemiology, and surgical results from an endoscopic endonasal approach. Material and method Retrospective and descriptive study of all patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for the treatment of a sinonasal inverted papilloma between the years 2012 and 2016. Variables analyzed include demographics, signs and symptoms, surgical complications, recurrence rate and malignant transformation. Tumor extension was evaluated with the Krouse staging system on computed tomography imaging. Results This series includes 18 patients, with a mean age of 57.4 years. Clinically, patients presented with unilateral nasal obstruction 72.2% (13/18 patients), followed by rhinorrhea 33.3% (6/18 patients), hyposmia 27.8% (5/18 patients) and epistaxis 27.8% (5/18 patients). Based on the Krouse staging system, 7/18 were T1, 5/18 were T2, 5/18 were T3 and 1/18 was T4 on initial evaluation. On follow-up, 4 patients presented with a recurrence at a mean period of 5.6 months, and one patient exhibited malignant transformation. No surgical complications were observed except for one case of epyphora as a consequence of nasolacrimal obstruction. Conclusions The endoscopic approach was effective for the treatment of sinonasal inverted papillomas.